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Role of Artificial intelligence in precision medicine

October 16, 2020

Overview of artificial neural network in medical diagnosis

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In-Brief

A massive volume of clinical data is produced daily that possess minute and critical information as well as varied, in-depth concepts of biochemistry and the results of imaging devices.
Information provided byeach kind of data must be evaluated and assigned for diagnostic processes. To simplify the diagnostic process and evade errors in that process, artificial intelligence techniques can be adopted like computer-aided diagnosis and artificial neural networks.
The biostatistical services machine learning algorithms can deal with a broad set of specific data and produce categorized outputs by checking the blogs in Pubrica

Introduction

The artificial neural network has been widely used in the fields of science and technology. It is used for the optimization of data. It predicts the outputs using the input data in fields like chemical engineering, biotechnology, healthcare, agriculture, etc., which all handles varied sets of data. The artificial neural network can be used for modelling non-linear systems with a complex system of variables. Thus, most of the chemical engineering and biological processes are modelled using Artificial neural network with the help of biostatistical consulting services.

Artificial neural network

Clinical biostatistics services state that an Artificial neural network is the simulation of human neural architecture. The learning and generalization potentials of human neural networks inspired the development of an artificial neural network. It works by taking 70% of input data to build a network, then taking the remaining 15% of the data to train itself, and at last utilizing the remaining 15% of the data to test itself and eventually produce the optimized outputs.

Architecture

The artificial neural network is made up of three layers, viz., – (i) input layer, (ii) hidden layer, (iii) output layer. The schema of the neurons built inside the network is based upon the complexity of the system. The input layer collects the input data and transfers to the hidden layer where the data is processed to produce optimized results with statistical programming services. Every artificial neural network has an activation function that is used to determine the output. Each neuronisinterconnected, and each connection has a weight attached possessing either positive or negative value which tends to change upon the training the network.

Overview of Artificial neural network in medical diagnosis

Seeking various uses in various fields of science, medical diagnosis field also has found the application of artificial neural network using biostatistics in clinical services. It is used in the diagnosis of cancer, sclerosis, diabetes, heart diseases, etc. An adaptive algorithm is developed and applied to yield maximum accuracy in outputs with the statistics in clinical trials.

Cardiovascular diseases

It is the collection of diseases affecting the heart, cardiac muscles, blood vessels, veins. National centre of Health Statistics reported that the leading cause of death in the United States of America is cardiovascular diseases. In the past, the data collected from the patients were used to develop an Artificial neural network model with the backpropagation algorithm was developed. This model was able to achieve 91.2% accuracy in the diagnosis of these diseases from the data collected. There were other models with less than 90% accuracy that were also used to diagnose specific types of heart diseases.

Cancer

In 2012, reports from the American Cancer Society said that more than 1.6 million newly diagnosed cases were found. Hence, there was a need to develop a rapid and appropriate diagnosis for clinical management. The pertinent information for diagnosis was collected from advanced analytical methods like mass spectrometry and applied in the clinical diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer. An artificial neural network is also used to diagnose different types of brain tumors and lung carcinoma. Ultimately, an Artificial neural network was seen using the ground-level data that ranges from clinical data to results of biochemical assays and providing maximum diagnostic accuracy for different types of cancer.

Diabetes

Diabetes has become a severe health risk issue in both developed and developing countries that reaching an estimated of 366 million diabetes cases globally. Type ii diabetes is the standard type of this disease which is due to the improper cellular response to insulin which leads to hyperglycemia. The information on parameters like age, gender, weight, and glucose level were collected and used as input data for building an Artificial neural network that could produce results with 90% accuracy. Artificial neural networks are used to track the level of glucose as well as diagnosing diabetes according to biostatistical research for clinical trials.

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Conclusion

The artificial neural network can be inferred as a powerful tool in clinical management of diseases with several advantages like the capability of processing a vast set of data, reducing the processing time, ability to produce optimized results with maximum accuracy. Nevertheless, Artificial neural network can be used only as tool aiding in diagnosis done by the clinical physician, says biostatistical CRO, who is responsible for critical evaluation of the results. Pubrica helped to understand the role of ANN tool in the medical field.

References

Al-Shayea, Q. K. (2011). Artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 8(2), 150-154.
Amato, F., López, A., Peña-Méndez, E. M., Vaňhara, P., Hampl, A., & Havel, J. (2013). Artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis.
Baxt, W. G. (1991). Use of an artificial neural network for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Annals of internal medicine, 115

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