What are bio-macromolecules?

Bio macromolecules are naturally occurring large molecular biopolymers that form the quintessential structural and functional units of practically all kinds of bio-systems. In the cells, tiny building blocks or bimolecular monomers are united to form biopolymers, also known as bio-macromolecules. The vital biopolymers nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are composed by condensing their respective monomeric elements: nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides. The biological macromolecules’ dimensions are characteristically within nanometer length, and their molecular weights range from 103 to 1012 daltons.

Natural-origin bio-macromolecules carry out several functions in the body, such as polysaccharides in membranes and intracellular communication and proteins as structural building blocks, transport medium, nutrients, and catalysts. Transport proteins that transport nutrients and other essential molecules have inspired scientists to formulate methods for utilizing macromolecules like proteins, polysaccharides, and lipoproteins in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Bio macromolecule-based drug carriers are biocompatible, non-toxic and do not create immunogenic issues. Commonly used bio-macromolecules include albumin, transferrin, lipoproteins, silk fibroin, collagen, keratin, and polysaccharides like chitosan and cyclodextrin hyaluronic acid, heparin and pectin. In addition to being natural, these are also available in abundance, can be biodegraded by the body, and have extended blood circulation time and targeting capability.

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