Liquid Biopsy Approaches to Capture Tumour Evolution and Clinical Outcomes During Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has made a significant impact on the treatment of this disease; however, patient outcomes differ due to the evolving nature of cancer under treatment. Conventional biopsies provide limited data and do not reflect these changes in real time. Liquid biopsy, which includes the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and other blood-based biomarkers, is a non-invasive method that can monitor tumor evolution. This case report highlights the value of liquid biopsy in assessing tumor dynamics, monitoring treatment response, and detecting emerging resistance during cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, liquid biopsy represents a promising tool for improving patient monitoring and clinical decision-making in oncology practice.