What is the risk of bias assessment and different tools used to assess systematic review?

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In Brief:

  • The risk of bias is defined as the risk of systematic error or a deviation from reporting the truth or an appropriate evidence finding.
  • It occurs when there is a systematic flaw or limitations in the study design or the conduct of the study.
  • This article describes different assessment tools and the types of study designs for which the tool is applicable along with the flow of how to avoid the risk of bias.

A systematic review guideline will often determine the study design to answer the formulated question, and it is not enough in trusting the evidence of systematic review over observational studies. There are several terms like quality assessment, critical appraisal, or internal validity, which are used for the evaluation of studies supported by the guideline. Whereas in the risk of bias, the bias determines the factor that can affect the observations and findings of the study systematically and report it to be different from the actual conclusion. In other words, a study affected by bias can be inaccurate and thus leads to an inappropriate guideline recommendation. Therefore, inadequate study design or the conduct of the study will give false findings which result in wasting time and resources, and missing opportunity for effective intervention.

Quality assessment or risk of bias assessment helps in regulating and establishing transparency of evidence synthesis (data collection methods, search strategies, etc.) and findings and it is often performed for each study in a review; thus the collected evidence eliminate bias in the outcomes. Generally, a quality assessment outside of a systematic review does not require evidence synthesis method; however, it completely depends upon the utilization of evidence synthesis method. The risk of bias assessment can be done by professionals who may be conducted by the guideline development group or requires a methodological expert or by experiences systematic review researchers. Once the evaluation is done, then it can be used for the synthesis of study results and findings and combined into the complete assessment of the evidence. There are certain common factors which can introduce bias in many research areas, that include

  • Selection bias – Participant or Population comparability in a study
  • Performance bias – The influence of estimate effect (aspects other than the intervention or exposure of interest)
  • Reporting bias – Problems with measurements or classification of outcome (missing information)

The risk of bias is assessed frequently by evaluating the study design and the conduct of the study because it is impossible to determine a specific study has been affected by bias or not.

Different tools used to assess the risk of bias in the systematic review:

  1. AMSTAR 2 – A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews
  2. AHRQ RRB – AHRQ tool for evaluating the Risk of Reporting Bias
  3. AHRQ ORB – AHRQ Outcome and analysis Reporting Bias framework
  4. GRADE – Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
  5. GRADE-CERQual – GRADE Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research
  6. SAQAT – Semi-Automated Quality Assessment Tool
  7. NMA Quality – Framework for evaluating the quality of evidence from a Network Meta-Analysis
  8. NOS – Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
  9. AXIS – Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies
  10. QUIPS – QUality In Prognosis Studies tool
  11. RoB 1.0 – Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials
  12. RoB 2.0 – Revised tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in randomized trials
  13. SYRCLE RoB – SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation Risk of Bias tool
  14. SciRAP – Science in Risk Assessment and Policy
  15. SIGN – The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
  16. ROBIS – Risk Of Bias in Systematic Reviews
  17. RoBANS – Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies
  18. RoBINS I – Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool
  19. ORBIT 1 – Outcome Reporting Bias In Trials classification system for benefit outcomes
  20. QUADAS 2 – Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
  21. PROBAST – Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool
  22. ORBIT 2 – Outcome Reporting Bias In Trials classification system for harm outcomes
  23. Reid – Selective reporting bias algorithm
  24. RTI 2012 – RTI Item Bank for Assessment of Risk of Bias and Precision for Observational Studies of Interventions or Exposures
  25. RTI 2013 – RTI Item Bank for Assessing Risk of Bias and Confounding for Observational Studies of Interventions or Exposures
  26. JBI – the Joanna Briggs Institute
  27. OHAT – Office of Health Assessment and Translation
  28. Downs Black – Downs Black tool

How to assess the risk of bias?

  1. Plan your approach
  2. Identifying an appropriate risk of bias assessment tool
  3. Be aware of related issues
  4. Appraise each study
  5. Report the assessment process
  6. Use your appraisals to inform the guideline

Determining an appropriate risk of bias assessment tool:

Study typeAssessment toolsYearSource
Systematic reviewsAMSTAR – 22017https://amstar.ca/Amstar-2.php
ROBIS2016www.bristol.ac.uk/population-health-sciences/projects/robis/
SIGN checklist2014https://www.sign.ac.uk/checklists-and-notes.html
Randomized trialsCochrane RoB 2.0 Tool2016www.riskofbias.info
SIGN checklist2014https://www.sign.ac.uk/checklists-and-notes.html
Non-randomised studies of interventions (case-control, cohort, etc.)ROBINS-I2016www.riskofbias.info
SIGN checklist2014https://www.sign.ac.uk/checklists-and-notes.html
Prognostic: Prognostic factorsRisk prediction modellingOverall prognosis/baseline risk/prevalence/incidenceJBI checklist for prevalence studies2017http://joannabriggs.org/research/critical-appraisal-tools.html
PROBAST2014www.systematic-reviews.com/probast
QUIPS2013https://methods.cochrane.org/prognosis/welcome
DiagnosticSIGN checklist2014https://www.sign.ac.uk/checklists-and-notes.html
QUADAS-22011www.bristol.ac.uk/population-health-sciences/projects/quadas/quadas-2
QualitativeCASP Qualitative Checklist2018https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018.pdf
GRADE-CERQual2017https://www.cerqual.org/
JBI Checklist for Qualitative Research2017http://joannabriggs.org/research/critical-appraisal-tools.html
Observational studies of exposures (human epidemiology, wildlife)Navigation Guide risk of bias checklist2018https://www.cosmin.nl/
OHAT tool2015https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pubs/riskofbiastool_508.pdf
In vivo animal studiesNavigation Guide risk of bias checklist2018https://www.cosmin.nl/
SciRAP tool2018http://www.scirap.org/
OHAT tool2015https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pubs/riskofbiastool_508.pdf
CRED2016www.ecotoxcentre.ch/projects/risk-assessment/cred
SYRCLE tool2014Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation
In vitro studiesOHAT tool2015https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/pubs/riskofbiastool_508.pdf
Obtained from:  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelinesforguidelines/develop/assessing-risk-bias#

In summary, risk of bias assessment is a tool used to regulate findings which are accurate and appropriate, and it is essential to select the risk of bias tool rightly. There are many researches available to help, and it makes things easier to find appropriate tools for assessing the risk of bias. This article describes different assessment tools for a systematic review and the types of study designs for which the tool is applicable along with the flow of how to avoid the risk of bias.

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Reference:

  1. Bero, L. A. Why the Cochrane risk of bias tool should include funding source as a standard item. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013.
  2. Higgins, J. P., J. Savović, et al., Eds. Revised Cochrane the risk of bias tool for randomized trials, 20 October 2016.
  3. Marshall, I. J., A. Noel-Storr, et al. Machine learning for identifying Randomized Controlled Trials: An evaluation and practitioner’s guide. Research Synthesis Methods, 2016.
  4. Reeves, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomized or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. British Medical Journal 358, 2017.
  5. Whiting, P., J. Savović, et al. ROBIS: A new tool to assess the risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 69: 225-234, 2016.

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