Academic writing requires reference lists as they provide proper source attribution to build credibility in scholarly work. Reference list errors persist frequently across academic disciplines despite their significance.
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Appraising Medical Studies for Legal Research: Identifying Valid and Reliable Evidence
Dr.Nancy | Clinical and Medical Research Expert
03 Apr, 2025
Dr.Nancy | Clinical and Medical Research Expert
03 Apr, 2025
Introduction
Conjunctions are an important part of speech, which connect words, phrases, clauses, or even sentences together[1]. Conjunctions help express logical relationships between ideas, help sentences flow and can produce cohesion in writing. There are three key categories of types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, paired conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions[2].
Co-ordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions join words or phrases that are grammatically equivalent in a sentence. There are seven coordinating conjunctions, which can be remembered in FANBOYS: (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) [3] These conjunction examples are important for establishing clear and direct connections between related ideas in academic writing.
| Conjunction | Function | Function |
| F – for | Explains reason or purpose | The instructors were irritated, for the district had reduced funding for enrichment programs. |
| A – and | Adds additional information | I will write a literature review, a case study, and a final paper. |
| N – nor | Connects negative alternatives | The students did not finish their homework, nor did they pass the exam. |
| B – but | Indicates contrast | The study is several years old but still very relevant. |
| O – or | Offers choices or alternatives | The students can either write an essay or take the exam. |
| Y – yet | Indicates contrast or unexpected result | The patient complained of pain, yet she refused treatment. |
| S – so | Indicates cause and effect | I have only been a nurse for one year. So, I do not have much experience with paper charting. |
Using Transitional Words as Conjunctions
Several transitional words, such as “however” and “therefore,” also act as conjunctions when they combine two independent clauses.
Example:
- The authors agreed that the problem was prevalent, but they disagreed on its cause.
- A number of employees were dissatisfied with the new policies, so the manager scheduled a staff meeting.
2. Paired Conjunctions (Correlative Conjunctions)
| Paired Conjunctions | Example Sentences |
| both…and | The project will take a considerable investment of both time and money. |
| not only…but also | Students not only received a low grade but also experienced consequences from the teacher. |
| either…or | Either the students were prepared or the assessment was poorly constructed. |
| neither…nor | The staff neither adhered to the new policy, nor did they ask for clarification. |
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent (main) clause to create some relationship between the ideas.[4]
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
| Function | Subordinating Conjunctions |
| Cause/Reason | because, since, as, in order that |
| Time | before, after, until, while, when, whenever, once, as soon as |
| Condition | if, unless, provided that, in case |
| Contrast | although, though, whereas, while |
| Comparison | as much as, than, as though |
Sentence Structures with Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be used in two structures:
- Main clause + subordinate clause
- After becoming instructed, the teacher presented the test.
- The teacher administered the test after giving instructions.
- Subordinate clause + main clause
- I will submit the assignment at midnight whether or not I complete it.
- Whether or not I complete the assignment, I will submit it at midnight.[5]
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4."That" as a Conjunction in Noun Clauses
The word “that” can be used to start a noun clause that serves as the direct object of attitudinal verbs including reported, hypothesized, argued, claimed, maintained, or asserted.[6]
Examples of “That” in Noun Clauses
- According to Smith (2015), there was a need for additional research.
What was it that Smith stated? → That additional research was warranted.
- That the authors believed there would be substantive results.
What did the authors believe would happen? → There would be substantive results.
- Jones (2014) indicated that confidentiality was upheld throughout the study.
What did Jones state? → that confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.
Important Points About “That” in Academic Writing:
- Using “that” in noun clauses is preferred to improve clarity.[7]
- Omitting “that” can lead to misinterpretation and confusion for readers.
- While in casual spoken English, “that” is frequently dropped for brevity’s sake, in writing, especially in academic writing, it is always clear to include “that” to maintain clarity.[8]
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Suggestions for Writing and Grammar Suggestion in using a Conjunction:
To practice your sentence structure and improve your writing, you may consider a conjunction exercise or worksheet. Gaining a good conceptual understanding of conjunctions will strengthen your ability to write sentences that connect logically.
Conclusions for Making Conjunctions Work For You
- Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) are used to connect elements of equal weight in a sentence.
- Pairing conjunctions should be used with caution in order to avoid redundancy.
- You can use subordinating conjunctions to introduce subordinate clauses and add complexity to your sentence.
- “That” can be included in noun clauses so as to maintain clarity in formal writing.
- In order to create a sentence with varied structure and an ease of readability, alternate your conjunction choices.
By learning and implementing conjunctions, writers have the ability to create structured, cohesive, and already sound sentences that clearly present their ideas. “Revitalize your writing through the effective usage of conjunctions! Use these tools to create more cohesive and clear sentences. “Contact us” for editing services.